Summary
This is the third survey of control practices for ectoparasites on sheep farms in Northern Ireland, providing comparative data to that recorded in previous surveys in 1981 (Jess & Marks, 1986) and 1988 (Foy et al., 1995). Data relating to all aspects of ectoparasitic control were collected from 210 farms representing 4% of the total sheep population. Quantitative data have been adjusted to provide accurate estimates of total pesticide usage.

Since the previous survey in 1988, the number of sheep farms in Northern Ireland increased by 10% to 11,692 with a consequent 39% increase in sheep population to 2.88 million. Despite this level of expansion, the total quantity of organophosphorus compounds used for ectoparasite control has remained relatively constant between 7-8 tonnes. The report considers that compulsory annual sheep dipping, prescribed since 1970 and revoked in 1993, impacted significantly on subsequent ectoparasitic control practices and consequent pesticide usage. During 1997, approximately 20% of sheep farmers relied on alternative methods to control ectoparasites including injectable formulations of avermectins and pour-on formulations of insect growth regulators and pyrethroids. Dipping formulations containing pyrethroid compounds, which accounted for less than 1% of treatments in 1988, increased to 9% in 1997.

Previously, regulatory sheep dipping periods were specified during autumn months, which tended to increase dipping frequency. The majority of farmers dipping sheep during the summer, strictly for blowfly maggot (Diptera: Calliphoridae) control, were required to perform additional compulsory sheep dipping during the autumn. Withdrawal of compulsory sheep dipping has allowed farmers to synchronise dipping practices to control the major ectoparasites of sheep at a single dipping occasion.

An estimated 7.5 x 106 litres of surplus dipwash required disposal and there was approximately equal numbers of farmers disposing dipwash immediately after sheep dipping or on occasions up to and including subsequent dipping. The decline in the number of farmers who allowed dipwash to run-off into soakaways or surrounding soil observed in 1988 continued in 1997. The majority of farmers used tractor-operated pumps to dispose of dipwash into slurry tanks for subsequent disposal onto permanent pasture.

A full list of published reports is available together with abstracts from other relevant published work.

For further information on this work please contact:

Pesticide Usage Survey Group
Agri-food and Biosciences Institute
Newforge Lane
Belfast BT9 5PX

Email: pesticide.science@afbini.gov.uk
Tel: +44 (0)28 90 255689
Fax: +44 (0)28 90 255035